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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Harvesting Nature’s Treasure: Examining
Soil Properties and Nutrient Bounty
in the Crop Fields of Hafizabad, Punjab,
Pakistan using Geostatistical Kriging
1
Jianshui Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
2
State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forestry Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
3
Engineering Research Center of Forestry Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education,
Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
4
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
5
International Research Center on Karst under the auspices of UNESCO; Institute of Karst Geology,
Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Guilin, China
6
Department of Crop Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen-37075, Germany
7
Pesticide Quality Control Lab, Kala Shah Kaku -39350, Sheikhupura, Punjab, Pakistan
8
Soil and Water Testing Laboratory Hafizabad, Punjab, Pakistan
9
Department of Applied Plant Sciences, College of Bio-resource Sciences, Kangwon National University,
Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
10
Department of Botany & Microbiology College of Science King Saud University
P.O Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
11
Department of Zoology College of Science King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11541, Saudi Arabia
12
Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration,
Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091 Beijing, China
Submission date: 2024-03-28
Final revision date: 2024-07-21
Acceptance date: 2024-08-15
Online publication date: 2025-01-29
Publication date: 2025-11-04
Corresponding author
Guijing Li
Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091 Beijing, China
Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 100091 Beijing, China
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2025;34(6):7349-7362
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Nutrient distribution and quantification are critical to both agricultural output and agricultural
protection. However, it can be difficult to properly measure these soil factors in places where transitions
alter over short distances, which makes land-use management complicated. In the agricultural
district of Hafizabad in Punjab, Pakistan, this research paper aimed to quantify and analyze
the spatial distribution of macronutrients (potassium and phosphorus), micronutrients (zinc, copper,
iron, manganese, and boron), and soil characteristics (pH, organic matter, and electrical conductivity). The process of soil sampling is methodical; the research region is divided into eight villages, and GPS
is used to record exact locations. The result shows that soil pH levels in Kot Shabir Ahmed and Chack
Bher are found to be alkaline, while electrical conductivity in all villages is within normal ranges.
Each village has a different amount of organic matter in the soil, but Chack Bher is within permissible
bounds. The concentrations of micronutrients and macronutrients vary throughout villages, with some
going above suggested levels. A significant relationship between nutrients and soil properties was
found. Patterns of nutrient distribution were shown by kriging interpolation. The results give significant
views for accurate nutrient management, strengthening sustainable farming practices, and enhancing
crop yield in the Hafizabad region.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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