With the acceleration of urbanization, urban space continues to expand, inevitably leading to the fragmentation of urban habitats and seriously damaging urban biodiversity. In this process, birds, as indicator species that are extremely sensitive to changes in the ecological environment, are experiencing shrinking habitats, and their survival conditions are precarious. Focusing on Shanghai as the study area, bird distribution data were integrated with environmental factors. Through the application of the ecological niche modeling approach, MaxEnt and Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA), precise identification and analysis of bird habitat distribution patterns were achieved using ArcGIS 10.8. Key findings indicate that precipitation in the wettest month, NDVI, and FVC were primary factors influencing bird habitat selection. Raptor and aquatic bird habitats clustered sparsely in northern Chongming and western Dianshan Lake, while songbird habitats were more homogeneous, concentrating within key ecological patches. MSPA-derived ecological sources in Shanghai showed macroscopic spatial alignment with bird habitats, but local correspondence was limited, revealing significant spatial heterogeneity in habitat distributions. This study represents an innovative departure from traditional single-habitat preference research by investigating habitat preferences across multiple bird species with diverse ecological habits. It provides a scientifically quantifiable basis for urban ecological planning and wildlife conservation.