The research focuses on the spatiotemporal evolution and population exposure mortality risk of PM_2.5 in Shandong Province from 2014 to 2023, and the PM_2.5 exposure risk assessment model and the health effect assessment model are employed. The results showed that the annual average concentrations of PM_2.5 ranged from 16.80 to 108.70 μg/m³, with a significant decreasing trend. The exposure level of the population showed a significant decreasing trend at a rate of 3,054,300 persons /year, with the average number of exposed people being the highest in the cities in the central region and the lowest in the Shandong Peninsula. There is an obvious spatial matching relationship between population density and PM_2.5 concentration, w ith a h igher r isk of PM_2.5 population exposure. The annual average of PM_2.5 exposure was associated with all-cause mortality; the reduction of PM_2.5 concentration is more conducive to the reduction of the mortality rate from respiratory diseases. The overall distribution of the total number of deaths from exposure showed a spatial pattern of more in the south and west and less in the north and east. The research results can provide scientific references to formulate air environment prevention and control policies and improve the health level of the population in Shandong Province.