Meteorological factors have a significant impact on tea production; therefore, it is crucial to investigate the meteorological factors that influence tea production for the purpose of optimizing tea production layout, increasing farmers’ income, and addressing other related aspects. However, few studies have closely examined the meteorological factors that contribute to the comparative advantage of tea production at the county level. This study aims to explore the spatio-temporal pattern of tea production in Fujian Province from 2001 to 2020 by spatial analysis. Furthermore, we analyzed the comparative advantage of tea production and its spatio-temporal pattern using the resource endowment coefficient. Additionally, we investigated the meteorological factors that influence the comparative advantage of tea production in Fujian Province in 2020 by employing geographic detectors. The results revealed that the spatio-temporal pattern of tea production in Fujian Province during 2001-2020 initially exhibited a scattered distribution, which gradually transformed into a “dual core” agglomeration pattern. The highest tea production was 75,613 t in Anxi in 2020, followed by 73,428 t in Anxi in 2019. Moreover, the spatio-temporal pattern of comparative advantage of tea production in Fujian Province displayed significant differences among counties during 2001-2020. The highest comparative advantage of tea production in Fujian Province was 23.80 in Zhenghe in 2006, with Anxi following closely at 23.18 in 2011. The lowest comparative advantage of tea production in Fujian Province was 0. It demonstrated that a prominent hotspot that decreased from 8,628.44 km² in 2001 to 5,471.71 km² in 2020, a less prominent hotspot that initially expanded from 910.25 km² in 2006 to 4,338.44 km² in 2010 before declining to 2,977.89 km² by 2016; and a coldspot that first emerged (455.73 km²) during 2001-2005, remained stable until 2014, then expanded to 2,101.25 km² by 2020. Furthermore, the findings indicated that air temperature in May, June, and July, as well as evaporation in June and July, had an obvious impact on the comparative advantage of tea production. Meanwhile, the interaction between any two meteorological factors demonstrated a dual factor enhancement effect. The highest q value was 0.666, observed in the interaction between atmospheric pressure and sunlight intensity in January, followed by 0.587 in the interaction between air temperature and sunlight intensity in June. These findings provide insights for optimizing the spatial layout of tea production, increasing tea yield, and promoting rural revitalization strategies.