Drought and flood disasters (DFD) are the primary natural hazards in Jiangsu province, often occurring within the same year. This study analyzes historical DFD records (1840-1948) to examine their spatial-temporal characteristics, causative factors, and socio-economic impacts using statistical analysis, wavelet analysis, and geographically weighted regression (GWR). Results indicate the frequency of floods slightly surpasses that of droughts, with peaks in summer and autumn. Geographically, the distribution of DFD in modern Jiangsu exhibits distinct regional disparities, with a higher prevalence in northern Jiangsu compared to the southern part of the province. Specific counties such as Gaoyou, Jiangning, Suqian, Wujin, and Xinghua have reported DFD far more frequently than others. The 2-10- year quasi-periodic temporal characteristics of DFD are identified through wavelet analysis. The GWR model shows stronger drought correlations in northern regions and varying seasonal flood patterns. The causes of DFD include monsoons, topography, population density, resource exploitation, and military activities. Additionally, DFD significantly impacts population, economic development, and social stability, causing life loss, displacement, and social disorder. The results provide a methodological approach to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms and trends of DFD in Jiangsu province.