Based on the soil data of Anhui Province in 1985 and 2018, the present study analyzed the environmental factors affecting soil organic carbon (SOC) in Anhui Province by combining the "3S" technology, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis. This study demonstrates the spatial variation in soil organic carbon density (SOCD) in Anhui Province. Compared with 1985, 2018 demonstrated an 8.56% and 25.43% decrease in the percentage of areas with high and low SOCD values, respectively. Correlation analysis shows that SOC showed significant negative correlations with bulk density, pH, land use composite index (La), and temperature, and significant positive correlations with elevation, slope, precipitation, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Further principal component analysis showed that the main factors influencing SOC were elevation, precipitation, La, and bulk density in 1985 and elevation, precipitation, pH, and bulk density in 2018. These findings revealed the influence of topography, climate, and vegetation on the spatial variations in SOC.