Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2009 to 2017, the Super-SBM model with undesirable output is used to measure the green innovation efficiency (GIE) of Chinese industrial enterprises, and the Moran’s I is used to analyze the spatial correlation. Then, spatialtemporal distribution characteristics are analyzed. Finally, the spatial panel model is used to examine the influencing factors of GIE. The results show that the GIE of Chinese industrial enterprises is at a low level, but it shows an upward trend in the time dimension. The changing trends of industrial enterprise’s GIE in various regions are different. The GIE of industrial enterprises in eastern China is changing in a wave-like manner. The central and western are on an upward trend, which is consistent with the overall. Spatially, the GIE of industrial enterprises decreases from east to west. Most of the areas where the GIE of industrial enterprises is above the mid-high level are located in the southeast coast. The green innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises in various provinces has an obvious positive spatial correlation, but it has weakened in recent years. The level of economic development, environmental regulations, opening to the outside world, and technological innovation environment have a positive impact on the green innovation efficiency of industrial enterprises, while the level of urbanization has a significant negative impact on it. At last, this paper presents recommendations for the development of green innovation efficiency of Chinese industrial enterprises according to the findings.