Sesame is one of the neglected crops. As a result, there are not many studies on the fatty acid, tocol and lignan composition of sesame genotypes under Mediterranean climate conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the diversity in fatty acid, lignan and tocol composition among 50 different sesame accessions from Türkiye and 12 other countries under Mediterranean climate conditions. The content of palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol, total tocopherol, sesamin, sesamolin, sesamol varied between 8.39-10.11%, 4.19-5.36%, 35.83-43.49%, 40.64-48.8%, 0.28-0.49%, 1.08-2.79 μg/g, 41.5-75.74 μg/g, 0.96-1.8 μg/g, 42.93-76.92 μg/g, 2.34-14.31 mg/g, 0.23-1.81 mg/g, 0-0.59 mg/g respectively. While the sesamin content of the sesame genotypes used in the study was higher than previously reported values, it was determined that the sesamol content was at very low levels. The sesame genotypes are rich in sesamin content and can be used as parents in breeding programs. The results obtained from the study showed that the lignan and tocol composition of the cultivars produced in Türkiye were not at the desired levels. Therefore, improving the lignan and tocol composition of the cultivars in the breeding programs designed to obtain new cultivars will benefit consumers in Türkiye, which consumes sesame extensively.