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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Individual and Combined Effects of Sublethal
Cadmium and Lead on Tissue Accumulation,
Hemato-Biochemical Parameters and
Neurotoxicity in Channa marulius
1
Department of Zoology, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, 66020, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan
2
Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
3
Department of Maritime Sciences, Bahria University Karachi Campus, 75000, Karachi Sindh, Pakistan
4
Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000, Faisalabad Punjab, Pakistan
5
Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab Lahore 05422, Pakistan
6
Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, 40100, Punjab, Pakistan
7
Plant and Environmental Protection, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, 45500, Pakistan
8
Centre for Research on Fish Nutrition and Environmental Ecology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean
University, Shanghai 201306, China
9
Department of Zoology, Islamia College University, Peshawar 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
10
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 55760, Riyadh
11451, Saudi Arabia
Submission date: 2024-06-27
Final revision date: 2024-08-27
Acceptance date: 2024-10-07
Online publication date: 2025-02-25
Publication date: 2025-11-04
Corresponding author
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2025;34(6):7795-7803
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the physiological effects of sublethal concentrations of Cd2+ and Pb2+, both
individually and in combination, on Channa marulius, an important species in local fisheries. A total
of 160 fish were divided into four groups (control, Cd2+-treated, Pb2+-treated, and Cd2+ + Pb2+ treated)
and exposed to 30% of the 96-hour LC50 values for CdCl2 (22.71 mg/L), PbCl2 (16.02 mg/L), and their
combination for 40 days. Results showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher Cd2+ and Pb2+ concentrations
in the tissues of exposed groups compared to controls, with the highest accumulation in the kidney,
followed by gills and intestines. Enzyme activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)
were significantly reduced, especially in the combined exposure group. Additionally, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and total protein levels decreased, while cortisol and glucose levels increased, indicating
stress. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the gill and liver was also significantly inhibited in the
combined exposure group. These findings highlight the risks posed by combined heavy metal exposure
to fish physiology, underscoring potential threats to fish health and local fisheries.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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