About the Journal
In Memory of Professor Jerzy Radecki
Ownership and Management Statement
Editorial Office
Editorial Board
Scope
Impact Factor
Indexed by
Journal Impact Factor contributing items
Publication Frequency
Revenue Sources & Business Model
Contact
Subscription
Current issue
Online first
Instructions for Authors
Copyright & Licensing
Publication Fees
Editorial policies
Publication Policy Overview
Peer Review Policy
Research Ethics and Malpractice Policy
Plagiarism Policy
Conflict of Interest Policy
Open Access Policy
Instructions for Reviewers
Generative AI and AI-Assisted Technologies Policy
Advertising Policy
Direct Marketing & Manuscript Solicitation
Digital Archiving and Preservation Policy
CrossMark, Correction, and Retraction Policy
Archive
Publication Fees
Copyright & Licensing
Editorial policies
Publication Policy Overview
Peer Review Policy
Research Ethics and Malpractice Policy
Plagiarism Policy
Conflict of Interest Policy
Open Access Policy
Instructions for Reviewers
Generative AI and AI-Assisted Technologies Policy
Advertising Policy
Direct Marketing & Manuscript Solicitation
Digital Archiving and Preservation Policy
CrossMark, Correction, and Retraction Policy
eISSN: 2083-5906
ISSN: 1230-1485
ISSN: 1230-1485
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Microbial Zonation Mechanism and Low-Cost
Restoration Strategy of Iron and Manganese
Cycle in Riverbank Filtration System Based
on Multi-Omics: An Empirical Study of
Three-Level Redox Gradient Model
1
School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
2
Syneos Health Inc. Ltd, Shanghai 200040, China
Submission date: 2025-07-17
Final revision date: 2025-08-12
Acceptance date: 2025-08-23
Online publication date: 2025-12-01
Corresponding author
Wenlong Liu
School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
Jun Pan
School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
This study elucidates how riverbank filtration alters hyporheic zone hydrodynamics and redox
conditions to drive Fe²⁺/Mn²⁺ transformations via microbial processes. It aims to quantify the spatial
heterogeneity of Fe²⁺/Mn²⁺ cycling microbial metabolism and metal migration in the riverside filtration
system; then, a three-layer redox gradient model and repair strategy with engineering applicability
are established. The purpose is to provide a theoretical basis for microbial regulation to reduce heavy
metal pollution. Multi-omics analyses (16S rRNA sequencing, hydrogeochemistry, metagenomics)
in the Liaohe River revealed, in shallow zones (0-17 m), Proteobacteria (38.7%) and iron-reducers
(Geobacter) correlated with Fe²⁺ (R² = 0.83), indicating dissimilatory iron reduction dominates iron
mobilization. In deep zones (17-350 m), sulfate-reducers (Desulfobacca) generated S²⁻ to precipitate
Mn²⁺/Fe²⁺ (removal: 40-60%). A novel three-tier microbial redox-driven zonation model delineated
O₂/NO₃⁻-reducing (0-5 m), Fe³⁺/Mn⁴⁺-reducing (5-17 m), and SO₄²⁻-reducing zones (17-350 m) with 85%
prediction accuracy at the same latitude. Field implementations reduced treatment costs versus chemical
methods, proving scalability for developing regions.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
REFERENCES (60)
1.
WANG Y., TONG X., DUAN L., LIU T., LUN S., ZHANG W. Temporal and Spatial Evolution Patterns of 8-Day 30 m Evapotranspiration in the Yellow River Basin of Inner Mongolia and Its Response to Land Cover Changes. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 34 (5), 5899, 2025. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
2.
YU R., WU Y., WEI J., YAO L., CHU Z., WANG C., MA S., ZHANG Z. Study on the Response of Habitat Quality to Land Use Change in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Based on the InVEST-GWR Model. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 34 (5), 6465, 2025. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
3.
OMAR O.L., CAMPOS M.N., SEVILLA N P.M., GUERRERO R.R., DIÉGUEZ E.T., RUIZ P.Á. Hydroclimatic Trends in Areas with High Agricultural Productivity in Northern Mexico. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 24 (3), 1165, 2015. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
4.
GAO S., WANG Z., WU Q., ZENG J. Multivariate statistical evaluation of dissolved heavy metals and a water quality assessment in the Lake Aha watershed, Southwest China. PeerJ. 8, e9660, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.....
5.
HONG J., HU W., WAN H., HUANG X. Spatial Heterogeneity and Determinants of Soil Organic Carbon Density Across Varied Karst Landscapes in Southwest China. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 34 (5), 2025. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
6.
WOJTKOWSKA M., BOGACKI J. Assessment of Trace Metals Contamination, Species Distribution and Mobility in River Sediments Using EDTA Extraction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (12), 6978, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph....
7.
LI X., MA J., CHEN S., SHEN X., MENG J., GENG J., YANG Y., YANG Z., ZHANG J., ZHANG H., LI S. Pollution Appraisal, Health Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment of Reservoirs' Heavy Metals in an Agricultural Base, Northern Anhui Province, China. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 33 (4), 3759, 2024. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
8.
YANG L.H., ZHAN F.Z., ASIM S., SHAO H.X., MEI Q.W., HAO W., MING Z.Q. The Spatiotemporal Evolution Characteristics of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in the Lower Reaches of the Qinhe River. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2025. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
9.
IGNACIO P., BERTA M.L., MARION P. National Parks, buffer zones and surrounding lands: Mapping ecosystem service flows. Ecosystem Services. 4, 104, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecos....
10.
CHEN Z.J., LIU Y.M., ZHANG Y.J., ZHONG Z.Q. Interregional economic spillover and carbon productivity embodied in trade: empirical study from the Pan-Yangtze River Delta Region. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28 (6), 7390, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356....
11.
CHANG S.U., MEILING Z., LUOYING L., GUANGWEI Y., HAITAO Z., YUNXIAO C. Reduction of iron oxides and microbial community composition in iron-rich soils with different organic carbon as electron donors. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 148, 104881, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibio....
12.
YI Y., LU W., HONG D., LIU H., ZHANG L. Application of Dual-Response Surface Methodology and Radial Basis Function Artificial Neural Network on Surrogate Model of the Groundwater Flow Numerical Simulation. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 26 (4), 1835, 2017. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
13.
XU B., ZHANG J., YUAN S., LI H., CHEN D., ZHANG J. Comprehensive Regulation Benefits of Hydropower Generation System in Reducing Wind Power Fluctuation. Water. 13, 2987, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13212....
14.
ZARYAB A., NOORI A.R., WEGERICH K., KLØVE B. Assessment of water quality and quantity trends in Kabul aquifers with an outline for future drinking water supplies. Central Asian Journal of Water Research. 3 (2), 3, 2017.
15.
WU Z., MA T., LAI X., LI K. Concentration, distribution, and assessment of dissolved heavy metals in rivers of Lake Chao hu Basin, China. Journal of Environmental Management. 300, 113744, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenv....
16.
WANG Y., TONG J., HU B.X., DAI H. Combining Isotope and Hydrogeochemistry Methods to Study the Seawater Intrusion: A Case Study in Longkou City, Shandong Province, China. Water. 14, 789, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050....
17.
GHOSH S.A., MALLOUM C.A. New generation adsorbents for the removal of fluoride from water and wastewater: A review. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 346, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.moll....
18.
DERCO J., GUĽAŠOVÁ P., LEGAN M., ZAKHAR R., ŽGAJNAR GOTVAJN A. Sustainability Strategies in Municipal Wastewater Treatment. Sustainability. 16 (20), 9038, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1620....
19.
YANG W., YANG Y., CHEN Z., GU Y. Systemic Impacts of National Civilized Cities on Sustainable Development: A Quasi-Experimental Analysis of Economic and Environmental Outcomes in China. Systems. 13, 2, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/system....
20.
YANG W., ZHENG X., YANG Y. Impact of Environmental Regulation on Export Technological Complexity of High-Tech Industries in Chinese Manufacturing. Economies. 12, 50, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/econom....
21.
YANG L., LIU J., YANG W. Impacts of the Sustainable Development of Cross-Border E-Commerce Pilot Zones on Regional Economic Growth. Sustainability. 15, 13876, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1518....
22.
WEI L., GUANGYUAN L., WEN-XIONG W. In situ high-resolution two-dimensional profiles of redox sensitive metal mobility in sediment-water interface and porewater from estuarine sediments. Science of the Total Environment. 820, 153034, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
23.
CHEN L., HAN M., WAN S., WANG S., WANG R. The Primary Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Two-Chamber Electrochemical Systems in Treating Phosphate-Containing Wastewater. Water. 17, 29, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17010....
24.
SU C., WANG M., XIE X., HAN Z., JIANG J., WANG Z., XIAO D. Natural and anthropogenic factors regulating fluoride enrichment in groundwater of the Nansi Lake Basin, Northern China. Science of the Total Environment. 904, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
25.
WANG Z., LIU X., LI W., HE S., ZHENG T. Temporal and Spatial Variation Analysis of Lake Area Based on the ESTARFM Model: A Case Study of Qilu Lake in Yunnan Province, China. Water. 15, 1800, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101....
26.
TAVAKOL M., ARJMANDI R., SHAYEGHI M., MONAVARI S.M., KARBASSI A. Determining Multivariate Analysis Sampling Frequency for Monitoring Contamination Caused by Trout Farms. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 26 (1), 337, 2017. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
27.
WANG Y., LI J., MA T. Genesis of geogenic contaminated groundwater: As, F and I. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. 51 (24), 2895, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/106433....
28.
SHI R., TONG L., DU T., SHUKLA M.K. Response and Modeling of Hybrid Maize Seed Vigor to Water Deficit at Different Growth Stages. Water. 12, 3289, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113....
29.
AHMED T., BIN NISAR U., KHAN S., ABID M., ZAHIR M., MURTAZA R., SAGIN J. Effects of water qualities of Kabul River on health, agriculture and aquatic life under changing climate. Desalination and Water Treatment. 252, 319, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.20....
30.
HAMDARD M.H. An assessment of drinking water quality in Afghanistan. PhD Thesis, University of Oulu. 2023.
31.
JI Y., ZHANG X., CAO Y. Urban Air Quality Shifts in China: Application of Additive Model and Transfer Learning to Major Cities. Toxics. 13, 334, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics....
32.
ALIASGHAR A., ZHANG Z., DATTA R., CHRISTODOULATOS C., SARKAR D. Accumulation of Nitrogen Species from Industrial Wastewater by Vetiver Grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides). Water. 17, 1464, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17101....
33.
QURESHI H., ANWAR T., FATIMA S., AKHTAR S., KHAN S., WASEEM M., MOHIBULLAH M., SHIRANI M., RIAZ S., AZEEM M. Invasion Impact Analysis of Broussonetia papyrifera in Pakistan. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 29 (4), 2825, 2020. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
34.
ZABRECKY J.M., LIU X.-M., WU Q., CAO C. Evidence of Anthropogenic Gadolinium in Triangle Area Waters, North Carolina, USA. Water. 13, 1895, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13141....
35.
HAMIDI H., MASOUDIAN N., EBADI M., ROUDI B., KHAJEHZADEH M.H. How Nitric Oxide Down-Regulates Cryptochrome 1 from Canola in Blue but Not Red Light, and Reduces Hypocotyl Dwarfism in Lead and Drought Stress. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 29 (2), 1161, 2020. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
36.
SENDRÓS A., CABRERA M.D.C., CASAS-PONSATÍ A. Application of Geophysical Methods for Hydrogeology. Water. 17, 98, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17010....
37.
RONG Y., ZHANG Y., SUN Y., LIU Z. Mechanism of Nitrogen Removal Enhancement in Low Carbon/Nitrogen Municipal Sewage by AAO Process with Activated Sludge-Biofilm Composite System. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 33 (3), 2281, 2024. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
38.
PAN Y., ZENG X., GAO X., WU J., WANG D. The Human Health Risk Assessment Based on Process Simulation and Uncertainty Analysis. Journal of Risk Analysis and Crisis Response. 8 (4), 2018. https://doi.org/10.2991/jrarc.....
39.
TSVETANOVA Z., BOSHNAKOV R. Antimicrobial Resistance of Waste Water Microbiome in an Urban Waste Water Treatment Plant. Water. 17, 39, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17010....
40.
TABUGO S.R., DALAYAP R., MALACO A., ALOTAIBI A., CORDERO M.A. High-Throughput Sequencing as a Tool for Detecting Microbial Communities in Lake Ecosystem and Its Implications in Fish Farming in Lake Buluan, Mindanao, Philippines. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 33 (1), 391, 2024. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
41.
MUHAR S., SCHWARZ M., SCHMUTZ S., JUNGWIRTH M. Identification of rivers with high and good habitat quality: methodological approach and applications in Austria. Hydrobiologia. 422, 343, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94....
42.
LI Y., XU Z., MA H., HURSTHOUSE A. Removal of Manganese(II) from Acid Mine Wastewater: A Review of the Challenges and Opportunities with Special Emphasis on Mn-Oxidizing Bacteria and Microalgae. Water. 11, 2493, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122....
43.
AYAR M.K., LIANG W., NIAZI Z., IFTIKHAR F. Insights into the Physico-Chemical Parameters of Surface Water and Their Impact on Water Quality and the Pollution. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2025. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
44.
ALKAN H., GUL-GUVEN R., GUVEN K., ERDOGAN S., DOGRU M. Biosorption of Cd+2, Cu+2, and Ni+2 Ions by a Thermophilic Haloalkalitolerant Bacterial Strain (KG9) Immobilized on Amberlite XAD-4. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 24 (5), 1903, 2015. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
45.
HAN C., HAO Y., LIU K., ZHAO H., CHEN W., LIU X. Analysis of Influencing Factors of Rainfall Infiltration Slope Sensitivity Based on Grey Relational Analysis. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 34 (1), 671, 2025. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
46.
PAŚMIONKA I.B., BULSKI K., HERBUT P., BOLIGŁOWA E., VIEIRA F.M.C., BONASSA G., BORTOLI M., PRÁ M.C.D. Toxic Effect of Ammonium Nitrogen on the Nitrification Process and Acclimatisation of Nitrifying Bacteria to High Concentrations of NH4-N in Wastewater. Energies. 14 (17), 5329, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/en1417....
47.
WU X., LUO Q., ZHOU Z., ZHU S., MA J., LUO X., HUANG F. Study on the Influence of Expressway Construction on Soil Environment in Karst Area of Guangxi, Southwest China. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2025. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
48.
LV Y., ZHU X., ZHANG M., LIU X., WANG J. In-situ Bioremediation of Multiple Heavy Metals Contaminated Farmland Soil by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 31 (2), 1747, 2022. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
49.
CHEN Y., XIANG L., LI F., CHANG Y., YU H., ZHANG J., XIE Z. The Appropriate Reduction of Nitrogen Fertilization Enhances Soil Quality without Compromising Fruit Yield and Quality in a Bayberry Orchard. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2025. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
50.
XIE G.D., ZHANG C.X., ZHEN L., ZHANG L.M. Dynamic changes in the value of China's ecosystem services. Ecosystem Services. 26, 146, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecos....
51.
GUAN S., QIU S., MEI M., HAO X., ZHANG X., LU X. Assessment of Appropriate Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Normalisation in Magnolia sieboldii K. Koch across Various Experimental Conditions. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 31 (3), 2022. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
52.
LU Z.D., ZHANG Z.F. Dynamics of Territorial Spatial Pattern and Landscape Impact under Different Economic Gradients: A Case Study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) Region, China. Sustainability. 15 (1), 23, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1501....
53.
CHEN S., CHEN G. Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Chao hu Lake. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2025. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
54.
LIU Y., MA J., CHEN K., LIU Q., CHAI H., ZHANG H. Heavy Metals Pollution Evaluation, Health Risk Assessment, and Source Identification in the Reservoirs, Northern Anhui Province, China. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2024. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
55.
CHEN H.J. The ecosystem service value of maintaining and expanding terrestrial protected areas in China. Science of the Total Environment. 781, 10, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
56.
ZHANG L.F., FANG C.L., ZHAO R.D., ZHU C., GUAN J.Y. Spatial-temporal evolution and driving force analysis of eco-quality in urban agglomerations in China. Science of the Total Environment. 866, 14, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
57.
DENG W., LIU M., HAN C., ZHAO L., YUTING Z., YUAN H., MINGLI W., LUYI N. Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Source Analysis of Ions in Lancang River and Yangtze River Source Region During Wet Period. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 33 (5), 5597, 2024. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
58.
WANG G., LI T., YIN W., ZHOU J., LU D. Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite Disinfection on Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membranes in Microplastic Ultrafiltration. Water. 17, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17010....
59.
MA H., ZHAO Y. Environmental Social and Governance Performance, Total Factor Productivity and Environmental Uncertainty in Heavily Polluting Companies. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2025. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
60.
DAHOU ME A., DEHMANI S., DEHMANI C., ZERROUKI D. Production and Characterization of Chlorella pyrenoidosa Biomass Cultivated in Domestic Wastewater. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 34 (5), 2025. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2083-5906 |
| ISSN: | 1230-1485 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
