This paper used the panel data of 30 provinces in China from year 2006 to 2018 to calculate the carbon emissions of each province. Moran’s I index is used to measure and analyze the spatial autocorrelation of carbon emissions among the provinces in China. The study considered three dimensions of urbanization such as population urbanization, land urbanization and economic urbanization to empirically analyze their effects on carbon emissions. In addition, spatial spillover effects were also explored. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) There is a positive spatial correlation between carbon emissions in China’s provinces, and Moran’s I index is greater than 0.5, indicating a significant correlation of carbon emissions; (2) in the context of three dimensions of urbanization, the direct effects are significant and positively influence regional carbon emission levels. Moreover, the indirect effects of population urbanization and land urbanization on regional carbon emissions are negative and coefficients are large. Whereas, the indirect effects of economic urbanization are small and insignificant. The total effect of population urbanization and economic urbanization are significantly positive and the total effects of land urbanization are found to be negative. (3) Environmental regulation and energy consumption structure as the control variables have a greater impact on carbon emissions, and the coefficient of the total effect is positive. Whereas, foreign direct investment and industrial structure have less impact and spatial spillover effects are not obvious.