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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Analysis of the Trade-offs/Synergies and Driving
Forces of Ecosystem Services in the Yellow River
Basin from 2000 to 2020
1
College of Economics and Management, North West Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang 712199, China
2
College of Forestry, North West Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang 712199, China
3
Xi’an Innovation College, Yan’an University, 710100, China
Submission date: 2024-06-01
Final revision date: 2024-09-05
Acceptance date: 2025-02-24
Online publication date: 2025-09-25
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The Yellow River Basin (YRB) has been central to China’s strategy for achieving high-quality
development by balancing ecological, economic, and social growth while ensuring environmental
protection and restoration. Despite macro-level policy successes, detailed micro-level studies
on the trade-offs, synergies, and driving forces of ecosystem services (ES) in this region remain
limited. This study addresses this gap by examining the spatiotemporal dynamics, trade-offs, synergies,
and driving forces of six key ES – soil conservation, food supply, habitat quality, water conservation,
climate regulation, and wind and sand control – in the YRB from 2000 to 2020. Utilizing ecological
models like InVEST and diverse data sources, including MODIS satellite imagery and climate
databases, we quantified these ES and used Spearman’s correlation coefficients along with spatialtemporal
regression models to assess trade-offs and synergies. The Random Forest model and multiple
linear regression were employed to identify ES drivers in both temporal and spatial dimensions.
Results indicate significant spatial heterogeneity in ES within the YRB over the past two decades,
with a general upward trend in service provision. The range of high and medium-value areas in each
ecosystem gradually expanded while the range of low-value areas gradually shrank. Temporally, ES
exhibited fluctuating but generally increasing trends. Among them, grain yield, soil conservation,
and water conservation increased by 70.3%, 74.1%, and 17.7% on average. The synergistic effect
between water resources protection and climate regulation is the strongest, with an average correlation
coefficient of 0.39 in the past 20 years, while the trade-off between windbreaks and climate regulation
caused by land use change is particularly prominent, with an average correlation coefficient of -0.3712.
The analysis identified natural factors (NDVI, AET) and human activities (population density)
as primary ES drivers. NDVI has an important impact on ecosystem services, and the contribution
rate of NDVI to HA and HM is more than 40%. POP is dominant in HA and SR, especially in FP,
with a driving degree greater than 40%. This research provides vital insights into YRB ES dynamics, offering a scientific foundation for policies aimed at ecological sustainability and high-quality regional
development.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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| ISSN: | 1230-1485 |
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