About the Journal
In Memory of Professor Jerzy Radecki
Editorial Office
Editorial Board
Scope
Impact Factor
Indexed in...
Journal Impact Factor contributing items
Contact
Subscription
Current issue
Online first
Notes to Authors
Frequently Asked Questions
Editorial policies
PJOES Publication Policy Overview
PJOES Peer Review Policy
PJOES Research Ethics and Malpractice Policy
PJOES Plagiarism Policy
PJOES Conflict of Interest Policy
PJOES Open Access Policy
PJOES Instructions for Reviewers
Generative AI and AI-Assisted Technologies Policy
Archive
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Spatiotemporal Variations and Source of PM2.5
in the Sichuan Basin at Nanchong City, China
1
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University,
Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China
2
Nanchong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Central Station of Sichuan Province,
Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
These authors had equal contribution to this work
Submission date: 2024-06-08
Final revision date: 2024-08-01
Acceptance date: 2024-09-09
Online publication date: 2024-12-23
Publication date: 2025-11-04
Corresponding author
Yun-xiang Li
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China
Qiu-mei Quan
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, Sichuan, China
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2025;34(6):7317-7333
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
To evaluate the pollution level, spatial and temporal variations and sources of fine particulate matter
(PM2.5) in Nanchong, a city in the Sichuan Basin, China, the trace element concentrations in PM2.5 were
measured. The sources of PM2.5 were analyzed by the potential source contribution function (PSCF),
enrichment factor (EF), and principal component analysis (PCA) methods from December 2014 to
April 2016. The results showed that the mean concentrations of PM2.5 and the analyzed trace elements
at the urban sites during the sampling periods were 58.89-63.03 μg m-3 and 2.81-3.43 μg m-3, respectively,
and that those at the rural site were 60.13±4.28 μg m-3 a nd 2 .55 μg m-3, respectively. There were no
significant differences in the mean concentrations of PM2.5 or the analyzed trace elements between
the urban area and the rural area. The seasonal variations in PM2.5 and the analyzed trace elements
in the urban and rural areas were similar, with the order summer < spring < fall < winter. The PSCF
analysis showed that the PM2.5 in the urban area of Nanchong City mainly originated from surrounding
areas. The crustal elements K, Ca, Al, Na, Fe, Mg, and Ti were the dominant metals in the urban and
rural areas of Nanchong, accounting for more than 93% of the total concentration of the analyzed
trace elements. The EF of K was close to 20, indicating that it was derived mainly from anthropogenic
sources. The EFs of Ca, Al, Na, Fe, Mg, and Ti were less than 10, indicating that these elements were
derived mainly from natural sources. In contrast, although the concentrations of the trace elements
Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Se, Ni, Pb, Ba, and Cr were relatively low, the EFs of each of these elements were
much higher than 20, suggesting that these elements were mainly derived from anthropogenic sources.
The EF and PCA results showed that the PM2.5 in Nanchong City mainly originates from natural sources,
such as soil dust, and anthropogenic sources, such as biomass burning, construction dust, vehicular
emissions, firework burning, etc.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
REFERENCES (77)
1.
ZHOU Q., MUHAMMAD N.M., ZHANG H.Y., ZHANG H.L. The air we breathe: An In-depth analysis of PM2.5 pollution in 1312 cities from 2000 to 2020. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30 (41), 93900, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356....
2.
ZHAO Y.Y., ZHANG X.P., CHEN M.X., GAO S.S., LI R.K. Regional variation of urban air quality in China and its dominant factors. Acta Geographica Sinica, 76 (11), 2814, 2021 [In Chinese].
3.
GAUTAM S., PATRA A.K., KUMAR P. Status and chemical characteristics of ambient PM2.5 pollutions in China: a review. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 21, 1649, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668... https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668....
4.
TAO J., ZHANG L.M., CAO J.J., ZHANG R.J. A review of current knowledge concerning PM2.5 chemical composition, aerosol optical properties, and their relationships across China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17, 9485, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17....
5.
WANG Y.S., LI W.J., GAO W.K., LIU Z.R., TIAN S.L., SHEN R.R., JI D.S., WANG S., WANG L.L., TANG G.Q., SONG T., CHENG M.T., WANG G.H., GONG Z.Y., HAO J.M., ZHANG Y.H. Trends in particulate matter and its chemical compositions in China from 2013-2017. Science China (Earth Sciences), 62 (12), 1857, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430....
6.
ZHANG X.P., LIN M.H. Comparison between two air quality index systems in study of urban air pollution in China and its socio-economic determinants. Journal of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 37 (1), 39, 2020.
7.
BHATTI U.A., WU G.L., BAZAI S.U., NAWAZ S.A., BARYALAI M., BHATTI M.A., HASNAIN A., NIZAMANI M.M. A pre- to post-COVID-19 change of air quality patterns in Anhui Province using path analysis and regression. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 31 (5), 4029, 2022. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
8.
QIN Z., WU J.N. Goal difficulty and effect of air pollution control in major cities of China. Soft Science, 36 (8), 72, 2022 [In Chinese].
9.
MEP & MQSIQ. Ambient air quality standards (GB 3095-2012). China Environmental Science Press, 2012 [In Chinese].
11.
MEE. 2022 report on the state of the ecology and environment in China. 2023 [In Chinese].
12.
XIAO Y.H., HOU L.L., MAO Y.Y. Economic Growth, Urbanization and Air Pollution: An Empirical Study Based on the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration. Shanghai Journal of Economics, 33 (9), 57, 2021 [In Chinese].
13.
WU R.L., ZHANG Q., ZHAO H.Y., QIN X.Y., LIU S.G., WANG Z., ZHENG Y.X. Source contributions of PM2.5-associated health impacts of 337 cities in China. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 43 (11), 173, 2023 [In Chinese].
14.
XIAO J.Y., HE C., MU H., YANG L., HUANG J.Y., XIN A.X., TU P.Y., HONG S. Spatiotemporal pattern and population exposure risks of air pollution in Chinese urban areas. Progress in Geography, 40 (10), 1650, 2021 [In Chinese]. https://doi.org/10.18306/dlkxj....
15.
WU X., LI M., CHEN J., WANG H., XU L., HONG Y., ZHAO G., HU B., ZHANG Y., DAN Y., YU S. The characteristics of air pollution induced by the quasi-stationary front: Formation processes and influencing factors. Science of the Total Environment, 707, 136194, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
16.
JIANG S.N., KONG S.F., ZHENG H., ZENG X., CHEN N., QI S.H. Real-time source apportionment of PM2.5 and potential geographic origins of each source during winter in Wuhan. Environmental Science, 43 (1), 61, 2022 [In Chinese].
17.
MUSHTAQ Z., SHARMA M., BANGOTRA P., GAUTAM A.S., GAUTAM S. Atmospheric aerosols: some highlights and highlighters, past to recent years. Aerosol Science and Engineering, 6, 135, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41810....
18.
BHATTI U.A., ZEESHAN Z., NIZAMANI M.M., BAZAI S., YU Z.Y., YUAN L.W. Assessing the change of ambient air quality patterns in Jiangsu Province of China pre-to post-COVID-19. Chemosphere, 288 (2), 132569, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chem....
19.
KUMAR R.P., PERUMPULLY S.J., SAMUEL C., GAUTAM S. Exposure and health: A progress update by evaluation and scientometric analysis. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment A, 37, 453, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477....
20.
QIAN Y.F., YUAN X., DOU W., HU J., XIA J., LI D.Y., ZHENG Q., ZHANG P., QUAN Q.M., LI Y.X. Effects of fireworks on air quality in the main urban area of Nanchong City during the spring festival of 2014-2019. Environmental Engineering Research, 28 (2), 220038, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.20....
21.
WANG Z.Y., LI Y.B., GUO L., SONG Z.Q., XU Y.L., WANG F., LIANG W.Q., SHI G.L., FENG Y.C. PM2.5 Source apportionment based on a variety of new receptor models. Environmental Science, 43 (2), 608, 2022 [In Chinese].
22.
AHMAD H.R., SIPRA K.M., SARDAR M.F., MAQSOOD M.A., REHMAN M.Z.U., ZHU C.X., LI H.N. Integrated risk assessment of potentially toxic elements and particle pollution in urban road dust of megacity of Pakistan. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 26 (7), 1080, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/108070....
23.
DUAN J.C., TAN J.H. Atmospheric heavy metals and Arsenic in China: Situation, sources and control policies. Atmospheric Environment, 74, 93, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmo....
24.
TIAN D.Y., FAN J.H., JIN H.B., MAO H.C., GENG D., HOU S.G., ZHANG P., ZHANG Y.F. Characteristic and spatiotemporal variation of air pollution in Northern China based on correlation analysis and clustering analysis of five air pollutants. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere-basel, 125 (8), e2019JD031931, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD....
25.
ZONG Z., WANG X.P., TIAN C.G., CHEN Y.J., QU L., JI L., ZHI G.R., LI J., ZHANG G. Source apportionment of PM2.5 at a regional background site in North China using PMF linked with radiocarbon analysis: insight into the contribution of biomass burning. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16 (17), 11249, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16....
26.
KHAN M.B., SETU S., SULTANA N., GAUTAM S., BEGUM B.A., SALAM M.A., JOLLY Y.N., AKTER S., RAHMAN M.M., SHIL B.C., AFRIN S. Street dust in the largest urban agglomeration: pollution characteristics, source apportionment and health risk assessment of potentially toxic trace elements. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 37 (8), 3305, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477....
27.
ZHENG M., SALMON L.G., SCHAUER J.J., ZENG L.M., KIANG C.S., ZHANG Y.H., CASS G.R. Seasonal trends in PM2.5 source contributions in Beijing, China. Atmospheric Environment, 39 (22), 3967, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmo....
28.
ZHAO P.S., DONG F., HE D., ZHAO X.J., ZHANG X.L., ZHANG W.Z., YAO Q., LIU H.Y. Characteristics of concentrations and chemical compositions for PM2.5 in the region of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13, 4631, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13....
29.
LI M.L., LIU Z.R., CHEN J., HUANG X.J., LIU J.Y., XIE Y.Z., HU B., XU Z.J., ZHANG Y.X., WANG Y.S. Characteristics and source apportionment of metallic elements in PM2.5 at urban and suburban sites in Beijing: implication of emission reduction. Atmosphere-Basel, 10 (3), 105, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos1....
30.
MING L.L., JIN L., LI J., FU P.Q., YANG W.Y., LIU D., ZHANG G., WANG Z.F., LI X.D. PM2.5 in the Yangtze River Delta, China: Chemical compositions, seasonal variations, and regional pollution events. Environmental Pollution, 223, 200, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envp....
31.
YU Y.Y., HE S.Y., WU X.L., ZHANG C., YAO Y., LIAO H., WANG Q.G., XIE M.J. PM2.5 elements at an urban site in Yangtze River Delta, China: High time-resolved measurement and the application in source apportionment. Environmental Pollution, 253, 1089, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envp....
32.
HO K.F., CAO J.J., LEE S.C., CHAN C.K. Source apportionment of PM2.5 in urban area of Hong Kong. Journal Of Hazardous Materials, 138 (1), 73, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhaz....
33.
GUO H., DING A.J., SO K.L., AYOKO G., LI Y.S., HUNG W.T. Receptor modeling of source apportionment of Hong Kong aerosols and the implication of urban and regional contribution. Atmospheric Environment, 43 (6), 1159, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmo....
34.
ZHANG F., WANG Z.W., CHENG H.R., LV X.P., GONG W., WANG X.M., ZHANG G. Seasonal variations and chemical characteristics of PM2.5 in Wuhan, central China. Science of the Total Environment, 518-519, 97, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
35.
ACCIAI C., ZHANG Z.Y., WANG F.J., ZHONG Z.X., LONATI G. Characteristics and source analysis of trace elements in PM2.5 in the urban atmosphere of Wuhan in spring. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17, 2224, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2....
36.
JIANG N., LIU X.H., WANG S.S., YU X., YIN S.S., DUAN S.G., WANG S.B., ZHANG R.Q., LI S.L. Pollution characterization, source identification, and health risks of atmospheric-particle-bound heavy metals in PM10 and PM2.5 at multiple sites in an emerging megacity in the central region of China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 19 (2), 247, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2....
37.
WANG H.B., QIAO B.Q., ZHANG L.M., YANG F.M., JIANG X. Characteristics and sources of trace elements in PM2.5 in two megacities in Sichuan Basin of southwest China. Environmental Pollution, 242 (part B), 1577, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envp....
38.
FAN J., SHANG Y.N., ZHANG X.J., WU X.N., ZHANG M., CAO J.Y., LUO B., ZHANG X.L., WANG S.G., LI S.Z., LIU Y.Q., WU P.L. Joint pollution and source apportionment of PM2.5 among three different urban environments in Sichuan Basin, China. Science of the Total Environment, 714, 136305, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
39.
XIA Z.Y., HOU L.J., GAO S.L., LI H.B., FU H.X., CHEN Y.J. Pollution characteristics, ecological risk and source analysis of metal elements in PM2.5 in Jinan. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 29 (5), 971, 2020 [In Chinese].
40.
JIANG N., DONG Z., XU Y.Q., YU F., YIN S.S., ZHANG R.Q., TANG X.Y. Characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 source profiles of fugitive dust in Zhengzhou, China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 18, 314, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2....
41.
HU J., XIA J., LI D.Y., LEI X., HE H.J., LI J., TAN S.L., YUAN X., QIAN Y.F. Characteristics and sources analysis of carbonaceous aerosols in urban and rural area of Nanchong city. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 32 (6), 5599, 2023. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
42.
MEP. Technical Guidelines for Source Analysis and Monitoring of Atmospheric Particulates (Trial). 2012 [In Chinese].
43.
WANG Y.Q., ZHANG X.Y., DRAXLER R.R. TrajStat: GIS-based software that uses various trajectory statistical analysis methods to identify potential sources from long-term air pollution measurement data. Environmental Modelling and Software, 24 (8), 938, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envs....
44.
ASHBAUGH L.L., MALM W.C., SADEH W.Z. A residence time probability analysis of sulfur concentrations at Grand Canyon National Park. Atmospheric Environment, 19, 1263, 1985. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6....
45.
AWANG N.R., RAMLI N.A., YAHAYA A.S., ELBAYOUMI M. Multivariate methods to predict ground level ozone during daytime, nighttime, and critical conversion time in urban areas. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 6 (5), 726, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.20....
46.
QIAO B.W., LIU Z.R., HU B., LIU J.Y., PANG N.N., WU F.K., XU Z.J., WANG Y.S. Concentration characteristics and sources of trace metals in PM2.5 during wintertime in Beijing. Environmental Science, 38, 34, 2017 [In Chinese].
47.
AHMED M., GUO X.X., ZHAO X.M. Spectroscopic and microscopic characterization of atmospheric particulate matter. Instrumentation Science and Technology, 45 (6), 659, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/107391....
48.
CHINA NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING CENTRE. Background values of soil elements in China. China Environmental Science Press, 259-269, 1990 [In Chinese].
49.
WANG H.B., TIAN M., CHEN Y., SHI G.M., LIU Y., YANG F.M., ZHANG L.M., DENG L.Q., YU J.Y., PENG C., CAO X.Y. Seasonal characteristics, formation mechanisms and source origins of PM2.5 in two megacities in Sichuan Basin, China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18 (2), 865, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18....
50.
LEI X., ZHENG Q., QIAN Y.F., HU J., LI D.Y., ZHANG P., YUAN X., QUAN Q.M., LI Y.X. Feature analysis on air quality in the main urban area of Nanchong City in 2015-2018. Environmental Engineering Research, 27 (3), 210006, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.20....
51.
NING G.C., WANG S.G., MA M.J., NI C.J., SHANG Z.W., WANG J.X., LI J.X. Characteristics of air pollution in different zones of Sichuan Basin, China. Science of the Total Environment, 612, 975, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
52.
GUO Q., WU D.Y., YU C.X., WANG T.S., JI M.X., WANG X. Impacts of meteorological parameters on the occurrence of air pollution episodes in the Sichuan basin. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 114, 308, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.....
53.
FANG C.S., TAN X.D., ZHONG Y., WANG J. Research on the temporal and spatial characteristics of air pollutants in Sichuan Basin. Atmosphere-Basel, 12 (11), 1504, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos1....
54.
LI Y.C., SHU M., HO S.S.H., YU J.Z., YUAN Z.B., LIU Z.F., WANG X.X., ZHAO X.Q. Effects of chemical composition of PM2.5 on visibility in a semi-rural City of Sichuan Basin. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 29 (1), 957, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2....
55.
WANG Y., ZHANG H., ZHAI J.X., WU Y.N., CONG L., YAN G.X., ZHANG Z.M. Seasonal variations and chemical characteristics of PM2.5 aerosol in the urban green belt of Beijing, China. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 29 (1), 361, 2020. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
56.
CHEN T., ZHOU P., XU W.Q., LIU Y.T., SUN S.W. Spatial-Temporal Evolution Characteristics and influencing factors of PM2.5 in the Yangtze River Basin. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 33 (2), 1611, 2024. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
57.
RÖNKKÖ T.J., JALAVA P.I., HAPPO M.S., KASURINEN S., SIPPULA O., LESKINEN A., KOPONEN H., KUUSPALO K., RUUSUNEN J., VÄISÄNEN O., HAO L.Q., RUUSKANEN A., ORASCHE J., FANG D., ZHANG L., LEHTINEN K.E.J., ZHAO Y., GU C., WANG Q.G., JORMA J., KOMPPULA M., HIRVONEN M.R. Emissions and atmospheric processes influence the chemical composition and toxicological properties of urban air particulate matter in Nanjing, China. Science of the Total Environment, 639, 1290, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
58.
YANG Q., XIANG W.G., CHEN Z.H., YANG X.Y. Impacts of low level ventilation and temperature inversion on air quality in Sichuan Basin. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 42 (3), 322, 2022 [In Chinese].
59.
QIAO X., GUO H., TANG Y., WANG P.F., DENG W.Y., ZHAO X., HU J.L., YING Q., ZHANG H.L. Local and regional contributions to fine particulate matter in the 18 cities of Sichuan Basin, southwestern China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19 (9), 5791, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19....
60.
XU H.M., HE K.L., FENG R., SHEN Z.X., CAO J.J., LIU S.X., HO K.F., HUANG R.-J., GUINOT B., WANG Q.Y., ZHOU J.M., SHEN M.X., XIAO S., ZHOU B.H., SONKE J.E. Metallic elements and Pb isotopes in PM2.5 in three Chinese typical megacities: spatial distribution and source apportionment. Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts, 22 (8), 1718, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EM00....
61.
CHENG T., ZHU S.Y., ZHANG G.X., ZHANG H.L., LI J.M. Seasonal variation of PM2.5 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in 2018 and its relationship with land surface temperature. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 35 (6), 1457, 2020 [In Chinese].
62.
LIU X.Y., BAI X.X., TIAN H.Z., WANG K., HUA S.B., LIU H.J., LIU S.H., WU B.B., WU Y.M., LIU W., LUO L.N., WANG Y.X., HAO J.M., LIN S.M., ZHAO S., ZHANG K. Fine particulate matter pollution in North China: Seasonal-spatial variations, source apportionment, sector and regional transport contributions. Environmental Research, 184, 109368, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envr....
63.
JIN X.Y., FAN J.S., NIU H.Y., LING P., YU Q.Q. Analysis of sources and concentrations of heavy metal contents in PM10 over a four-season cycle in a heavily industrialised city in China. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 28 (5), 3227, 2019. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
64.
SHU L., LUO B., HU J., XIA J., ZHANG L., LUO B., ZHONG L.J., ZHANG Z.Q. Emission inventory and characteristics of atmosphere PM2.5 and PM10 in Nanchong. Environmental Monitoring in China, 34 (3), 84, 2018 [In Chinese].
65.
YANG W.W., XIE S.D., ZHANG Z.Q., HU J., ZHANG L.Y., LEI X., ZHONG L.J., HAO Y.F., SHI F.T. Characteristics and sources of carbonaceous aerosol across urban and rural sites in a rapidly urbanized but low-level industrialized city in the Sichuan Basin, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 26646, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356....
66.
ISLAM M.S., NUR-E-ALAM M., IQBAL M.A., KHAN M.B., AL MAMUN S., MIAH M.Y., RASHEDUZZAMAN M., APPALASAMY S., SALAM M.A. Spatial distribution of heavy metal abundance at distance gradients of roadside agricultural soil from the busiest highway in Bangladesh: A multi-index integration approach. Environmental Research, 250, 118551, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envr....
67.
LIN Y.C., ZHANG Y.L., SONG W.H., YANG X.Y., FAN M.Y. Specific sources of health risks caused by size-resolved PM-bound metals in a typical coal-burning city of northern China during the winter haze event. Science of the Total Environment, 734, 138651, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
68.
LUO J.Q., ZHANG J.K., HUANG X.J., LIU Q., LUO B., ZHANG W., RAO Z.H., YU Y.C. Characteristics, evolution, and regional differences of biomass burning particles in the Sichuan Basin, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 89 (3), 35, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.....
69.
ZHU H., DAI L.H., WEI Y., ZHANG Y.J., HU Q.H., WU S.P. Characteristics of inorganic ions and organic components in PM2.5 from biomass burning. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 37 (12), 4483, 2017 [In Chinese].
70.
CHEN H., YAN Y.L., HU D.M., PENG L., WANG C. High contribution of vehicular exhaust and coal combustion to PM2.5-bound Pb pollution in an industrial city in North China: An insight from isotope. Atmospheric Environment, 294, 119503, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmo....
71.
YANG H.H., DHITAL N.B., WANG L.C., HSIEH Y.S., LEE K.T., HSU Y.T., HUANG S.C. Chemical characterization of fine particulate matter in gasoline and diesel vehicle exhaust. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 19 (6), 1439, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2....
72.
ZHANG Y.P., WANG X.F., CHEN H., YANG X., CHEN J.M., ALLEN J.O. Source apportionment of lead-containing aerosol particles in Shanghai using single particle mass spectrometry. Chemosphere, 74 (4), 501, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chem....
73.
LV J.G., LIU S., LI Y.Y. Spatial and seasonal variations of elemental and ion components in air particulate matters in three mega-cities in China. Environmental Forensics, 20 (1), 1, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/152759....
74.
NAZIR R., SHAH M.H. Evaluation of air quality and health risks associated with trace elements in respirable particulates (PM2.5) from Islamabad, Pakistan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195, 1182, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661....
75.
HUANG Y.J., JIN B.S., ZHONG Z.P., XIAO R., TANG Z.Y., REN H.F. Trace elements (Mn, Cr, Pb, Se, Zn, Cd and Hg) in emissions from a pulverized coal boiler. Fuel Processing Technology, 86 (1), 23, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fupr....
76.
TIAN H.Z., WANG Y., XUE Z.G., CHENG K., QU Y.P., CHAI F.H., HAO J.M. Trend and characteristics of atmospheric emissions of Hg, As and Se from coal combustion in China, 1980-2007. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10 (23), 11905, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10....
77.
MA Z.H., LIANG Y.P., ZHANG J., ZHANG D.W., SHI A.J., HU J.N., LIN A.G., FENG Y.J., HU Y.Q., LIU B.X. PM2.5 profiles of typical sources in Beijing. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 35 (12), 4043, 2015 [In Chinese].
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2083-5906 |
| ISSN: | 1230-1485 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
